Tuesday, 7 November 2017
Tuesday, 31 October 2017
Assignment on ” 20th Century Major Movement in Modernist Literature.
NAME:GOHIL BINKALBA NAREDRASHINH
COURSE:M.A ENGLISH
SEMESTER:3
BATCH:2016-2018
ENROLMENT NO- 2069108420170010
SUBMITTED TO – Dr. Dilip Barad
SMT .S.B.GAEDI
SMT .S.B.GAEDI
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
MAHARAJA KRISHNAKUMARSINHJI BHAVNAGER UNIVERSITY
PARER NO- 9 The Modernist Literature.
TOPIC:” 20th Century Major Movement in Modernist Literature.
Introduction:
In the first half of the 20th century the main literary form was modernism . Modernism comprised several literary movements, including naturalism, symbolism, aestheticism, Expressionism, Futurism, Dada, Surrealism and Neuse Sachlichkeit .
Modernism began as a movement in the second half of the 20th century in France with Baudelaire (poetry), Flaubert (the novel), and in Norway with Ibsen (drama), although some 19th century German-language writers are considered as important precursors of modernism, for example Georg Buchner and Heinrich Heine In the last decades of the 19th century German-language writers began to engage with international movements such as naturalism, symbolism and aestheticism. The first modernist movement originating in Germany was Expressionism, which began as a movement in art and literature in the first decade of the 20th century. However, according to Walter H. Sokel.
Avant grade first used for art, rather than military political context name the movement that was called the most extremely from the modernism surrealism.
Influence the modernist painters in specialist painting, demonstrated that human beings do not see objects but instead they see the light off itself when it was won the leading painters of this movement.
The impressionist influence painting and writing new capable of demanding unheard of never before., how and why did modernism encourage experiment in art form . A silent characteristic consciousness of modernism self consternation this self consciousness of tended to experiments with home and work it draws attention to the poses and material used in to the tendency of abstraction .
Influence the modernist painters in specialist painting, demonstrated that human beings do not see objects but instead they see the light off itself when it was won the leading painters of this movement.
The impressionist influence painting and writing new capable of demanding unheard of never before., how and why did modernism encourage experiment in art form . A silent characteristic consciousness of modernism self consternation this self consciousness of tended to experiments with home and work it draws attention to the poses and material used in to the tendency of abstraction .
Let’s see 20th century major Movement: (Art Movement)
1) Imagism
2) Dadaism
3) Expressionism
4) Surrealism
5) Naturalism
6) Symbolism
7) Aestheticism
8) Futurism.
Imagism:
Imagism has been described as the most influential movement in English poetry since the activity of the Pre-Raphaelites. As a poetic style it gave Modernism its start in the early 20th century, and is considered to be the first organized Modernist literary movement in the English language.
The movement in the early 20th century Anglo American poetry, that favorite Precision of imaginary. and clear sharp language and way described and the most influential Movement in English poetry and in contrast to their contemporary poets the Georgian poets .
Futurism :
Futurism is an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy, in the early 20th century emphasize and glorified terms associated with contemporary concept of future including speed Technology, youth , and violence, and objects such as the far airplane and the industrial City.
The futurist practice in every medium of art including. Painting sculpture ceramics graphic design industry design film Fashion literature Museum architecture and even not astronomy. Keep figures of the movements.
Naturalism:
A literary movement that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character. Leading writers in the movement include Émile Zola, Theodore Dreiser, and Stephen Crane.
Symbolism (1870s–1890s):
A group of French poets who reacted against realism with a poetry of suggestion based on private symbols, and experimented with new poetic forms such as free verse and the prose poem. The symbolists—Stéphane Mallarmé, Arthur Rimbaud, and Paul Verlaine are the most well known—were influenced by Charles Baudelaire. In turn, they had a seminal influence on the modernist poetry of the early 20th century.
Expressionism:
Expressionism beginning about 1900 rise in Europe late, 19th early 20th as a response to George gorgeous complex. century and the in crashing mechanical and urbanization of society between 1910 to 1925 Paul Edward. pentad friend reach a German philosophy emphasize cultivating individual willpower and transcending conversation notion reasoning and morality.
Expressionist dramatist Georgia friends world kind earnest dollar August trending reflect father of expressionism.
A modernist movement initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century the artists sort to express meaning or emotionally expressions rather than physical reality.
A modernist movement initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century the artists sort to express meaning or emotionally expressions rather than physical reality.
Music and fine arts haven’t always followed the same course in history. The early twentieth century is one of those rare points when their paths converged. During these troubled years, composers of Western art music turned to radical new ways of expressing melody, harmony, rhythm, and tone color, while artists began to emphasize the extreme expressive properties of pictorial form in order to explore subjective emotions and inner psychological truths.
This convergence can be best observed in the simultaneous musical advances of Arnold Schoenberg and in the paintings of expressionist painter Oskar Kokoschka in Vienna and of the first abstract painter Vassily Kandinsky in Munich. In this paper I would like to discuss the origins and development of this convergence in art and music by assessing both pictorial and musical examples.
Franz marc
Franz marc
Kandinsky
Paul Klee
Augustly Macke.
Surrealism:
Surrealism menace Beyond realism. THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD "SURREAL"
The word "surreal" was coined by the poet/art critic Guillaume Apollinaire (1880-1918), and appeared for the first time in the program notes for ballet Parade (May 1917), a Ballets Russes production that enlisted the talents of Pablo Picasso, Jean Cocteau, Erik Satie and Leonid Massine.
Apollinaire also describe his play The Breasts of Tiresias (June 1917) as "surreal."
However, Apollinaire died six years before André Breton published his "Manifesto of Surrealism" (1924), and therefore his use of the word surreal may not be exactly the same as Breton's.
Today, we associate the word "surreal" with strange juxtapositions or absurd combinations, like those experienced in dreams. This concept belongs to Breton's interpretation of the word..
Surrealism is a cultural movement that beginning the early 1920 and his best know for the visual art work and writing of the group members leader Andrew Britain was explicitly in his essential that surrealism were above Revolutionary movement .
Surrealism officially began with "The Manifesto of Surrealism," published in 1924. However, it grew out of
Surrealism never died, it simply splintered into numerous directions and influenced new movements, with different names. Some artists still identify themselves as Surrealists and some founding Surrealist artists are still alive (see the list below).
Surrealism is a 20th century Avant Grade Movement in art and literature. which ought to realize the creative potential of the unconscious mind for example bidirectional just opposition of images surrealism. is cultural movement that begin in the early 19th and he is best known for its visual art works and writings the aim was to resolve the dada activities during World War and the most important centre of the movement was Paris .
Major practicesr .
Louis Aragon
Andre Breton
Rona crewel Dadaism:
Major practicesr .
Louis Aragon
Andre Breton
Rona crewel Dadaism:
Dada was a literary and artistic movement born in Europe at a time when the horror of World War I was being played out in what amounted to citizens' fronDadaism was an art movement of the European event guard in the early 20th century that are in Zurich seizer land begin in 1916 at cabaret Voltaire. Dada was not a movement, its artists not artists, and its art not art. That sounds easy enough, but there is a bit more to the story of Dadaism than this simplistic explanation.
THE BEGINNING OF DADA
Due to the war, a number of artists, writers, and intellectuals—notably of French and German nationality—found themselves congregating in the refuge that Zurich (in neutral Switzerland) offered.
Far from merely feeling relief at their respective escapes, this bunch was angry that modern European society would allow the war to have happened. They were so angry, in fact, that they undertook the time-honored artistic tradition of protesting.
Banding together in a loosely-knit group, these writers and artists used any public forum they could find to challenge nationalism, rationalism, materialism and any other -ism which they felt had contributed to a senseless war. In other words, the Dadaists were fed up. If society is going in this direction, they said, we'll have no part of it or its traditions. Including... no, wait!... especially artistic traditions. We, who are non-artists, will create non-art since art (and everything else in the world) has no meaning, anyway.
THE IDEALS OF DADAISM
About the only thing these non-artists all had in common were their ideals. They even had a hard time agreeing on a name for their project.
"Dada"—which some say means "hobby horse" in French and others feel is just baby talk—was the catch-phrase that made the least amount of sense, so "Dada" it was.
Using an early form of Shock Art, the Dadaists thrust mild obscenities, scatological humor, visual puns and everyday objects (renamed as "art") into the public eye.
performed the most notable outrages by painting a mustache on a copy of the Mona Lisa (and scribbling an obscenity beneath) and proudly displaying his sculpture entitled Fountain (which was actually a urinal, sans plumbing, to which he added a fake signature).
The public, of course, was revulsed—which the Dadaists found wildly encouraging. Enthusiasm being contagious, the (non)movement spread from Zurich to other parts of Europe and New York City. And just as mainstream artists were giving it serious consideration, in the early 1920s, Dada (true to form) dissolved itself.
In an interesting twist, this art of protest—based on a serious underlying principle—is delightful. The nonsense factor rings true. Dada art is whimsical, colorful, wittily sarcastic and, at times, downright silly. If one wasn't aware that there was, indeed, a rationale behind Dadaism, it would be fun to speculate as to just what these gentlemen were "on" when they created these pieces.
Spreading to Germany but the height of New York Dada was the year before in 19 15 Dadaism was also a reaction to the devastation of wordwar-1.
Aestheticism:
Aestheticism:
Atheist racism is a late 19th movement also called aesthetic movement . Is an intellectual and art movements suppose the emphasize of aesthetic value more than social political themes for literature fine arts music and other arts it is another art its the tree with Santa on believe that art exist for arts that is for the safe it's the beauty alone and that it doesn't say any purpose political social all detective.Writer for asceticism.
Aestheticism writers:
first is Oscar Wilde
second Walter Peter.
Conclusion:
A literary and artistic movement that provided a radical breaks with traditional modes of Western art, thought, religion, social conventions, and morality. Major themes of this period include the attack on notions of hierarchy; experimentation in new forms of narrative, such as stream of consciousness; doubt about the existence of knowable, objective reality; attention to alternative viewpoints and modes of thinking; and self-referentiality as a means of drawing attention to the relationships between artist and audience, and form and content. • High modernism (1920s): Generally considered the golden age of modernist literature.
Reference:
Works Cited
book, google. google book. 22 10 2017. 22 20 2017.
https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=1615207643. 22 10 2017. 22 10 2017 <https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=1615207643>.
thoughtco. 22 20 2017. 22 10 2017 <https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-dada-182380>.
Assignment on ” Morning Become Electra” as a Greek tragedy.
COURSE:M.A
ENGLISH
SEMESTER:3
BATCH:2016-2018
ENROLMENT
NO- 2069108420170010
SUBMITTED
TO – Dr. Dilip Barad
SMT .S.B.GAEDI
SMT .S.B.GAEDI
DEPARTMENT
OF ENGLISH
MAHARAJA
KRISHNAKUMARSINHJI BHAVNAGER UNIVERSITY
PARER NO-10
The American literature.
TOPIC:” Morning Become Electra” as a Greek tragedy.
Introduction:
" Mourning
Becomes Electra" is
considered O'Neill's most ambitious work. In the play, he adapts the Greek
tragic myth Oresteia to
nineteenth-century New England. Generally, critics praised the play as one of
O'Neill's best. Even though performances ran almost six hours long, audiences
seemed to agree; it ran for 150 performances.
Like Oresteia, O'Neill's play features themes of fate, revenge, hubris, adultery, and honor.
"Mourning Becomes Electra" based on the use of the 'Greek Myths'. Set in a modern milieu, the plot, the characterization, and the story-line are all reflective of the ancient traditions.
Like Oresteia, O'Neill's play features themes of fate, revenge, hubris, adultery, and honor.
"Mourning Becomes Electra" based on the use of the 'Greek Myths'. Set in a modern milieu, the plot, the characterization, and the story-line are all reflective of the ancient traditions.
'Mourning becomes Electra' is a tale of ancient hatreds,
illegitimacy, revenge, family secrets and murder.
As per
the title :” Mourning Becomes Electra” Mourning means :The 'expression' of 'sorrow' for someone’s'death',
Grief ,
lament
,
lamentationBlack clothes worn as
an expression of sorrow when someone dies.
“Electra” means : Sparkling , the fairy sun “Becomes “ in the sense of “befits” Electra to mourn- it is her fate Mourning (Black) (sorrow) is becoming to her, it is the only color that becomes her destiny.
As a Greek tragedy made modern, the play features murder, adultery, incestuous love and revenge, and even a group of townspeople who function as a kind of Greek chorus.
“Electra” means : Sparkling , the fairy sun “Becomes “ in the sense of “befits” Electra to mourn- it is her fate Mourning (Black) (sorrow) is becoming to her, it is the only color that becomes her destiny.
As a Greek tragedy made modern, the play features murder, adultery, incestuous love and revenge, and even a group of townspeople who function as a kind of Greek chorus.
The characterization,
the story line, the plot are all reflective of the ancient traditions.
If compare Greek and American tragedies, there
are several similarities and difference in characters and situations.
How retelling story from Greek to
American .
Let’s see,
Greek
|
American
|
Oresteia
|
Mourning Becomes Electra
|
Aeschylus
|
Eugene O’Neill
|
1 Agamemnon
|
1 Home Coming
|
2 The Libation Bearers
|
2 The Hunted
|
3 The Eumenides
|
3 The Haunted
|
Agamemnon
|
Ezra Pound
|
Clytemnestra
|
Christine
|
Orestes
|
Orin
|
Electra
|
Lavinia
|
Adam Brant
|
Aegisthus
|
Trojan War
|
American Civil War
|
Explanation
of Greek myth’s:
Atreus and Thyestes
both brothers after founding the
thyestes is has an affair with his wife, is aerope he decided to take revenge.
he invited thyestes for a dinner, after having dinner after having dinner
atreus informed thyestes that he has killed and cooked his two sons. and
serve to him.
Thyestes becomes angry
and cost atreus. He wanted to take revenge for his sons murders, as it was
awaken he made a relationship with his own daughter pelopia. and they have son
aegisthus for getting Revenge aegisthus murder atreus.
Atreus two sons
menelaus and agamemmon and menelaus has married to most beautiful
lady helen and agamemmon to clytemnestra. Helen's sisters, when helen was
carried away by Prince of troy parish by agamemnon promise menelaus to fight
for this, and this war non as a trojan war.
Agamemnon has three
children daughters iphiginia and electra and one son orestes. Agamemnan
sacrifice iphiginia to get feribal wind while selling for wind
clytemnestra became angry for this in absence of agamemmna clytemnestra
and aegisthus started love affair. When
agamememnon came back from war.
Revenge motifs clytemnestra and aegisthus murder
him and got the thrown. Orestes murder aegisthus and his mother clytemnestra after orestes
horrifia fury with help of goddess Athena this course was ended from the house
of family of atreus . it is very clear to state that the
mythical story is full of blood shed, when she end friludility most of
member of family is kill by own blood relative.
Eugene O’Neill’s Mourning
Becomes Electra is a modern adaptation of Aeschylus’ Oresteia trilogy,
transposed from Agamemnon’s return to Argos from the Trojan War to Ezra
Mannon’s return to the Mannon House in a New England town after the American
Civil War. Trojan War as the background of Aeschylus’ play lends a sense of
doom and pre-destination to it.
O’ Neill chooses the American
Civil War as the historical background for his adaptation, because the war
possesses “sufficient mask for time and space and New England as the place of
action, because of its “Puritan conviction of man born to sin and punishment”.
O’ Neill understands his exercises in tragedy
as an attempt to find a modern analogue to the ancient mode of experience.
Accordingly, the American Civil War springs from O’Neill’s attempt to negotiate
the chasm between ancient and modern.
But war in Mourning Becomes
Electra emerges as a thematic essence. The play starts at a moment when the
external war is over. But Civil War contributes to the diegesis of the play.
External war contributes to dramatic action. External war is given here
internal, esoteric dimension. As the backdrop of this play First Civil War of
1865 is primarily a political war, but simultaneously it is also a cultural war
waged by the people living within the taboos of Puritan society. They were
tired, so they tried to establish an antithetical place to Puritanism.
Patriarchy is a bifurcation of Puritanism. So, there is also protest against it
by women. This is integrated with Civil War therefore war is not only without but
also within.
In this poignant tragedy O’ Neill attempts to
interpret the old Greek story of Oresteia in Freudian terms, and presents it
with the theatrical devices and styles of 20th century expressionism.
Apart from the Civil War he
presents in this play two other levels of war: war between different
individuals, that is, intra-individual war; and war within different disparate
incongruous antithetical elements inside human psyche. One kind of war is not separate
from other. Individuals in the play are always engaged in war with each other.
Being driven by the urge to take revenge on the Mannon family, Adam Brant in
association with Christine murders Ezra Mannon.
Orin kills Brant to possess his
mother and to take revenge of his father’s death. Lavinia drives Christine and
Orin to suicide in order to take revenge of her father’s death. Lavinia herself
is so much in love for Brant that she detects mother’s love affair. This is a
reversal of the normal mother detecting on her daughter.
Therefore, mother-daughter rivalry
intensifies. Here, women always fight to get possession of the men, which is a
reversal of the earlier tragedies, and daughter wins all the battles.
"morning Become Electra" is
a dark tragedy featuring adultery, incest, murder, suicide, revenge, madness.
As the play opens, Ezra Mannon returns from the war, only to be poisoned by his
adulterous wife, Christine. His daughter Lavinia and son Orin avenge their
father's death by killing their mother's lover. The mother, Christine, commits
suicide. Orin later also takes his own life. Lavinia shuts herself up in the
house, with the memories of her dead relatives to haunt her.
Plot is
divided in to a three part:
"Homecoming:"
It is late spring
afternoon in front of the Mannon house. The master of the house,
Brigadier-General Ezra Mannon, is soon to return from war.
In that part , Lavinia appears her mother for adultery and reveals
that she followed her mother to New York and saw her kissing to Adam Brant. At
that time her mother says that she always loves her son, Orin and Lavinia has
always schemed to steal her place. Later Christine proposes to Adam Brant that
they will give poison to Ezra and attribute his death to his heart trouble.
" The Hunted"
Peter, Lavinia, and
Orin arrive at the house. Orin disappointedly complains of Christine's absence.
He jealously asks Lavinia about what she wrote him regarding Brant. Lavinia
warns him against believing Christine's lies. Second
play is divided into five parts.
In that part Peter, Lavinia and Orin are talking about Christine’s
lies. Orin disappointedly complains of his mother’s absence. Lavinia warns him
and at that time Christine comes and both mother and son embrace jubilantly.
In that part Orin asks his mother about Brant and then he recounts
his wonderful dreams about South Sea Islands.
Here, Lavinia convinces Orin about their mother’s treachery and
Orin finally agrees to watch the behavior of Christine and Brant.
After Ezra’s funeral, Lavinia and Orin follow their mother,
Christine who goes to meet Brant in East Boston. Orin and Lavinia listen whole
conversation of them. Finally in a hurry Orin shoots Brant and make it seem
that Brant has been robbed.
Orin and Lavinia come and they revealing that they killed Brant ,
Christine collapses. After that Christine leaves them and suddenly a shot is
heard from Ezra’s study.
" The Haunted"
A year later, Lavinia and Orin return from their trip East. Lavinia's body has lost its military stiffness and she resembles her mother perfectly. Orin has grown dreadfully thin and bears the statue-like attitude of his father. The Haunted is divided in four parts but Act I is divided in two scenes.One year later, Orin and lavinia return from their East trip. Lavinia resembles her mother perfectly and Orin has grown like his father.Lavinia looks like Christine and Peter thinks that it is ghost of Christine. Lavinia approaches him eagerly. Orin jealously mocks her warmth towards Peter. Orin is working at a manuscript in a great work, the Mannon study, he has written a history of the family crimes as a last Mannon.Hazel and peter arrives at Orin’s home and as Orin sees hazel alone, he gives her an envelope and warning her to keep it secret from Lavinia.
She should open it if :
1 Something happens to him or
2 Lavinia tries to marry PeterFinally Orin commits suicide in
room.
At the last
part of the play after three days Lavinia appears dressed in deep mourning.
Finally hazel knows that Lavinia does not marry with Peter. Bitterness in his
voice, Lavinia desperately flings herself into his arms crying :“ Take me ,
Adam!!! “Now she is alone , no Mannon is left there to punish her. She must
leave happiness and lives alone in the old house with the ghosts of her
ancestors. She throws out the flowers and enters in the dark house alone and
shuts the door.
Conclusion:
Eugene O'Neill's late
plays usually deal with the revelation of grim, intimate secrets that unfold in
the stifling atmosphere of isolated barrooms and family living rooms. Between Mourning Becomes Electra, written in 1931 and
considered by the author as a turning point in his career, and A Moon for the Misbegotten, his final play, the
characters become more and more isolated in cramped, deserted places.
In this respect, the last period of O'Neill's career illustrates the
shift from the religious and social function of Greek tragedy to the emphasis
on individual fate that characterizes modern drama.
Finally,” Revenge never
Sleep, It Goes on “
Thomas Kyd’s
it
can be said that, whereas in classical tragedy war brings a restoration of
order and social propriety with the purging of the evil, in a modern tragedy
like Mourning Becomes Electra war does not come with any fruitful result of
justification.
Works Cited
ford, ox. encyclopedia. 20 10 2017. 20 10 2017
<http://www.encyclopedia.com>.
(https://miranda.revues.org/1381)
https://miranda.revues.org/1381. 22 10 2017. 22 10 2017
<https://miranda.revues.org/1381>.
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30 10 2017. 30 10 2017
<http://www.sparknotes.com/drama/mourning/summary.html>.
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