COURSE:M.A ENGLISH
SEMESTER:2
BATCH:2016-2018
ENROLMENT NO- 2069108420170010
SUBMITTED TO –SMT .S.B.GAEDI
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
MAHARAJA KRISHNAKUMARSINHJI BHAVNAGER UNIVERSITY
PARER NO-8
What is cultural Studies? Discuss impotence Features of cultural
Studies.
Introduction:
As far as cultural studies concern , It has border meaning
because we see from various perspective then an individual can know what
actually it lies in the meaning.
Generally it means way of
living life or it can also be said that the lifestyle of people and Matthew
Arnold also quote about culture that it is a march towards perfection.
What is culture ?
Culture is derived from ‘latin’ word ‘cultura’. It means to ‘honour’ and
perfect or protect. Culture is a symbolic communication culture is the style a
system of knowledge share it by relatively large group of people.
Culture is the learners, behaviour of society subgroup.
What is cultural study?
Cultural studies is the science of understanding modern society. With an
emphasis on politics, and power, culture studies and umbrella term used
to look at the number of different subject.
Types of cultural studies :
1)British cultural materialism
2) new historicism
3)American multiculturalism
4) postmodernism and
5)popular culture
postcolonial studies.
British cultural materialism.
Cultural studies is referred to as cultural materialism in Britain.
Matthew Arnold redefined give of British culture.
Edward Tyler argue that culture
and Civilization taken in its widest anthrographic
sence is a complex whole which include knowledge belief arts,
moral ,slow, custom, and any other capability and habit accurate by man as a
member of society.
Cultural materialism
begin in 1950 with the work of f. r. leavis and have any influence by Matthew
Arnold Raymond Williams talk about attributes of working class and Elite class.
There are no masses there are only way of seeing people masses.
Cultural materialism in
literary theory and cultural studies traces its origin to the work of the
left-wing literary critic Raymond Williams. Cultural studies referred to as
“cultural Materialism” in Britain and it has a long tradition.
“Cultural
materialism is an anthropological school of thought.”
Cultural
materialism says that the best way to understand human culture is to examine
material conditions. Cultural materialism makes analyses based in critical
theory in the tradition of Frankfurt School.
In later 19th century Mathew Arnold sought to redefine the
“givens” of British Culture. Cultural materialism furnished a leftist
orientation critical of the aesthetic, formalism, ant historicism and a
politicize common among the dominant post-war methods of academic literary
criticism. Cultural materialism is also about culture or civilization.
Cultural
studies emerged as a theoretical movement in the early 1980s along with new
historicism, an American approach to early modern literature, with which it
shares much common ground. The term was coined by Williams, who used it to
describe a theoretical blending of leftist culture less and Marxist analysis,
Cultural materialists deal with specific historical documents and attempt to
analyze and recreate the zeitgeist of a political movement in history.
Ironically the threat to their project was mass culture. Raymond Williams
applauded the richness of canonical forms of life. Williams viewed culture as a
“productive Process”, part of the means of production and cultural materialism
often identifies what he called “residual”, “emergent” and “oppositional”
cultural elements following in the tradition of Herbert Marcuse. Antonio Gramsci
and others, cultural materialists extend the class based analysis of
traditional Marxism by means of an additional focus on marginalized.
Cultural
Materialists analyze the process by which hegemonic forces in society
appropriate canonical and historically important texts such as Shakespeare and
Austen and utilize them in an attempt to validate or inscribe certain values on
the cultural imaginary. Jonathan Dollimore and Alan Sinfield authors of
political Shakespeare had considerable influence in the development of this
movement and their book is considered to be a seminal text. They have
identified four defining characteristics of cultural materialism as a
theoretical device.
1. Historical
Context
2. Close
Textual Analysis
3. Political
Commitment
4. Theoretical
Method.
Cultural
materialists also turned to the more humanistic and even spiritual insights of
the great students of Rabelais and Dostoevsky, Russian Formalist Bakhtin
especially his amplification of the dialogic form of meaning within narrative
and class struggle; at once nonfactual and communal, individual and social
Feminism was also important for cultural materialists in recognizing how
seemingly “disinterested” thought is shaped by power structures such as
patriarchy.
New Historicism:
New Historicism is a form of literary theory whose goal is to understand intellectual history through
literature, and literature through its cultural context, which follows the
1950s field of history of idea and refers to itself as a form of
"Cultural Poetics." It was first developed in the 1980s, primarily
through the work of the critic and Harvard English Professor Stephan Greenblatt, and gained widespread influence in the 1990s. The
term New Historicism was coined by Greenblatt when he "collected a bunch
of essays and then, out of a kind of desperation to get the introduction done,
I wrote that the essays represented something I called a ‘new historicism.’
American Multiculturalism:
American Multiculturalism in the , Ethnicity, Gender and Sexuality provides an
interdisciplinary view of multicultural studies in the United States,
addressing a wide range of topics that continue to define and shape this area
of study.
This collection of essays responds to the need to open up a rich avenue for
addressing current and continuing issues of race, gender, ethnicity, sexuality,
cultural diversity, and education in their varied forms.
Substantial thematic overlaps are found between sections and essays, all of
which are oriented toward a single broad objective: to develop new and
different ways of addressing how multicultural issues, in their discursive
sociocultural contexts, are inextricably linked to the operations of power.
Power, as a site of resistance to which it invariably gives rise, is tacked
from a perspective that attends to the complexities of America's history and
politics.
American Indian Literature
Asian American Writer
African American Writer
Latina Writer.
African American Writer:
“In Shadow and act” 1964 novelist
Ralph Evison argues that…
“ any viable theory of Negro
American Culture obligates us to Fashion a more Adequate Theory of American
culture as a Whole?
Popular
culture or pop culture
Popular Culture is the entirety of attitudes, ideas, images, perspectives,
and other phenomena that are within the mainstream of a given culture, especially Western culture of the early to mid-20th century and
the
emerging global mainstream of the late 20th and early 21st century.
Heavily
influenced by mass
media, this collection of ideas permeates the everyday lives of
the society.
The most common pop culture categories are: entertainment (movies, music,
television, games), sports, news (as in people/places in news), politics,
fashion/clothes, technology, and slang. Popular culture has a
way of influencing an individual's attitudes towards certain topics.
Types
of post – modern popular Culture :
1) Production Analysis
2) Textual Analysis
3) Historian Analysis
4) Audience Analysis
Conclusion
:
Cultural studies began as a critical space for interdisciplinary analysis.
While the critical pedigree has been highjacked to some extent, cultural
studies, because of its interdisciplinary background, employs numerous
methodologies such as textual analysis including semiotics, and discourse
analysis. Other methods include content analysis, participant observation,
limited ethnography, and psychoanalysis. Also, because it is interdisciplinary
nature, cultural studies also utilizes various theories, from feminism and
post-structuralism to post-colonialism and neo-marxism.
As such, one often finds the theory and method to be one in the same.
That is, psychoanalysis or semiotics, the Barthes strain, can be both theory
and method. A good place to start would be with the classics, The Cultural
Studies Reader, Simon During ed., Routledge, 1993, and Cultural Studies.
Reference :
http://study.com/academy/lesson/cultural-studies-definition-theory-methodologies.html
http://study.com/academy/lesson/cultural-studies-definition-theory-methodologies.html
